Heidi Haddad, Ph.D.
Heidi.Haddad@pomona.edu
Pomona College
Phone: 9096078751
Address: 425 N. College Avenue
City: Claremont, California - 91711
Country: United States
About Me:
I am an Assistant Professor of Politics at Pomona College. My research and teaching interests include international relations, international law and courts, human rights, NGOs, and global governance. My research has been published in Human Rights Review, Journal of Human Rights, and Global Governance. My book, The Hidden Hands of Justice: NGOs, Human Rights, and International Courts (Cambridge University Press) was published in 2018.
Research Interests
Human Rights
International Law & Organization
Non-state Actors
International Courts
International Law
Cities
My Research:
My research sits at the intersection of the fields of international relations and international law. Most broadly, it studies the global governance of human rights through examining interactions between states, non-state actors, and intergovernmental organizations and their effects on norms, law, and judicial mechanisms.
Publications:
Journal Articles:
The literature on transnational advocacy focuses on the battle for norm adoption, yet little is known about what happens to advocacy organiza- tions after they succeed. Do they disband, take up another cause, or expand their mission? This article explores the organizational response of mission expansion through a case study of the Coalition for the International Criminal Court. The CICC- a prominent global coalition of local and international nongovernmental organizations- was instrumental in advocating for the formation and ratification of the Rome Statute, the treaty that created the International Criminal Court. Following the entry into force of the Rome Statute, the CICC did not disband or shift issues, but in- stead expanded its advocacy efforts and began service provision on behalf of the ICC.
Current theories on international courts, civil society, and global governance overlook the burgeoning relationships between international courts and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). NGO participation at international courts takes many forms, including representing individual petitioners and acting as third parties as well as promoting and supporting the court through outreach, political advocacy, administrative support, and enforcement of judgments. However, substantial variation exists across international courts as to the form and intensity of NGO participation. To explore why different participatory relationships emerge across international courts, this article examines the historical participation of human rights NGOs at the European and Inter-American Human Rights Systems. This analysis departs from NGO mobilization arguments and suggests that variation in NGO participation stems from institutional factors. NGO participation derives from opportunity structures for participation that emerge due to the historical era and initial conditions of court creation and subsequent state financial and political support for the court.
Widespread and systematic rape pervaded both the genocides in Bosnia–Herzegovina in 1992 and in Rwanda in 1994. In response to these conflicts, the Yugoslav Tribunal (ICTY) and the Rwandan Tribunal (ICTR) were created and charged with meting justice for crimes committed, including rape. Nevertheless, the two tribunals differ in their relative success in administering justice for crimes of rape. Addressing rape has been a consistent element of the ICTY prosecution strategy, which resulted in gender-sensitive investigative procedures, higher frequencies of rape indictments, and more successful prosecutions. In contrast, rape has not been a central focus of the ICTR prosecution strategy, which resulted in a sporadic approach to gender-sensitive investigative procedures, inconsistent rape indictments, and few successful prosecutions. What accounts for this disparity in rape prosecutions between the Rwandan and Yugoslav tribunals? Building off the existing literature that discusses factors such as legal instruments and resource capacity of the tribunal, this article argues that transnational advocacy helped generate the necessary political will to adopt and implement legal norms regarding crimes of sexual violence at the ICTY and the ICTR. Following the importance of transnational advocacy as agents of norm change, this paper also explores the antecedent conditions of advocacy mobilization that conditioned different levels of mobilization vis-à-vis the ICTY and the ICTR, including media attention and framing, connections and interest match with local groups, and geopolitical context.
Books Written:
The Hidden Hands of Justice: NGOs, Human Rights, and International Courts is the first comprehensive analysis of non-governmental organization (NGO) participation at international criminal and human rights courts. Drawing on original data, Heidi Nichols Haddad maps and explains the differences in NGO participatory roles, frequency, and impact at three judicial institutions: the European Court of Human Rights, the Inter-American Human Rights System, and the International Criminal Court. The Hidden Hands of Justice demonstrates that courts can strategically choose to enhance their functionality by allowing NGOs to provide needed information, expertise, and services as well as shame states for non-cooperation. Through participation, NGOs can profoundly shape the character of international human rights justice, but in doing so, may consolidate civil society representation and relinquish their roles as external monitors.
Media Appearances:
Blog Posts:
"The International Criminal Court was established 20 years ago. Here’s how."